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лицензии GNU.
Printed below is the GNU General Public License
(the GPL or copyleft), under which Linux is licensed. It is
reproduced here to clear up some of the confusion about Linux's
copyright status---Linux is not shareware, and it is not in the
public domain. The bulk of the Linux kernel is Copyright (c) 1993
by Linus Torvalds, and other software and parts of the kernel are
copyrighted by their authors. Thus, Linux is copyrighted,
however, you may redistribute it under the terms of the GPL
printed below.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (c) 1989, 1991 Free Software
Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone
is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
license document, but changing it is not allowed.
The licenses for most software are designed
to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast,
the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your
freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the
software is free for all its users. This General Public License
applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to
any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other
Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library
General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your
programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are
referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are
designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute
copies of free software (and charge for this service if you
wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it,
that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free
programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make
restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to
ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to
certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the
software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such
a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the
recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that
they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show
them these terms so they know their rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1)
copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which
gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the
software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours,
we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is
no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified
by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know
that what they have is not the original, so that any problems
introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors'
reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened
constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that
redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent
licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent
this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for
everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying,
distribution and modification follow.
- 0.
- This License applies to any program or
other work which contains a notice placed by the
copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the
terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'',
below, refers to any such program or work, and a ``work
based on the Program'' means either the Program or any
derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a
work containing the Program or a portion of it, either
verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into
another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included
without limitation in the term ``modification''.) Each
licensee is addressed as ``you''.
Activities
other than copying, distribution and modification are not
covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The
act of running the Program is not restricted, and the
output from the Program is covered only if its contents
constitute a work based on the Program (independent of
having been made by running the Program). Whether that is
true depends on what the Program does.
- 1.
- You may copy and distribute verbatim
copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in
any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact
all the notices that refer to this License and to the
absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of
the Program a copy of this License along with the
Program.
You may charge a fee for
the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at
your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a
fee.
- 2.
- You may modify your copy or copies of
the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work
based on the Program, and copy and distribute such
modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above,
provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
- a.
- You must cause the modified
files to carry prominent notices stating that you
changed the files and the date of any change.
- b.
- You must cause any work that you
distribute or publish, that in whole or in part
contains or is derived from the Program or any
part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no
charge to all third parties under the terms of
this License.
- c.
- If the modified program normally
reads commands interactively when run, you must
cause it, when started running for such
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to
print or display an announcement including an
appropriate copyright notice and a notice that
there is no warranty (or else, saying that you
provide a warranty) and that users may
redistribute the program under these conditions,
and telling the user how to view a copy of this
License. (Exception: if the Program itself is
interactive but does not normally print such an
announcement, your work based on the Program is
not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the
modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of
that work are not derived from the Program, and can be
reasonably considered independent and separate works in
themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not
apply to those sections when you distribute them as
separate works. But when you distribute the same sections
as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program,
the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
this License, whose permissions for other licensees
extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every
part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this
section to claim rights or contest your rights to work
written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
exercise the right to control the distribution of
derivative or collective works based on the Program. In
addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on
the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the
Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium
does not bring the other work under the scope of this
License.
- 3.
- You may copy and distribute the Program
(or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code
or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2
above provided that you also do one of the following:
- a.
- Accompany it with the complete
corresponding machine-readable source code, which
must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1
and 2 above on a medium customarily used for
software interchange; or,
- b.
- Accompany it with a written
offer, valid for at least three years, to give
any third party, for a charge no more than your
cost of physically performing source
distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of
the corresponding source code, to be distributed
under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a
medium customarily used for software interchange;
or,
- c.
- Accompany it with the
information you received as to the offer to
distribute corresponding source code. (This
alternative is allowed only for noncommercial
distribution and only if you received the program
in object code or executable form with such an
offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the
preferred form of the work for making modifications to
it. For an executable work, complete source code means
all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
associated interface definition files, plus the scripts
used to control compilation and installation of the
executable. However, as a special exception, the source
code distributed need not include anything that is
normally distributed (in either source or binary form)
with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on)
of the operating system on which the executable runs,
unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or
object code is made by offering access to copy from a
designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy
the source code from the same place counts as
distribution of the source code, even though third
parties are not compelled to copy the source along with
the object code.
- 4.
- You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or
distribute the Program except as expressly provided under
this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify,
sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full
compliance.
- 5.
- You are not required to accept this
License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing
else grants you permission to modify or distribute the
Program or its derivative works. These actions are
prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.
Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or
any work based on the Program), you indicate your
acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms
and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the
Program or works based on it.
- 6.
- Each time you redistribute the Program
(or any work based on the Program), the recipient
automatically receives a license from the original
licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program
subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose
any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of
the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for
enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
- 7.
- If, as a consequence of a court judgment
or allegation of patent infringement or for any other
reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are
imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this
License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of
this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy
simultaneously your obligations under this License and
any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence
you may not distribute the Program at all. For example,
if a patent license would not permit royalty-free
redistribution of the Program by all those who receive
copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only
way you could satisfy both it and this License would be
to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held
invalid or unenforceable under any particular
circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in
other circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section
to induce you to infringe any patents or other property
right claims or to contest validity of any such claims;
this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which
is implemented by public license practices. Many people
have made generous contributions to the wide range of
software distributed through that system in reliance on
consistent application of that system; it is up to the
author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to
distribute software through any other system and a
licensee cannot impose that choice.
This section is intended to make
thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of
the rest of this License.
- 8.
- If the distribution and/or use of the
Program is restricted in certain countries either by
patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original
copyright holder who places the Program under this
License may add an explicit geographical distribution
limitation excluding those countries, so that
distribution is permitted only in or among countries not
thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
- 9.
- The Free Software Foundation may publish
revised and/or new versions of the General Public License
from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in
spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail
to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing
version number. If the Program specifies a version number
of this License which applies to it and ``any later
version'', you have the option of following the terms and
conditions either of that version or of any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program
does not specify a version number of this License, you
may choose any version ever published by the Free
Software Foundation.
- 10.
- If you wish to incorporate parts of the
Program into other free programs whose distribution
conditions are different, write to the author to ask for
permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software
Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our
decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving
the free status of all derivatives of our free software
and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software
generally.
NO WARRANTY
- 11.
- BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF
CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE
EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE
STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER
PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO
THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.
SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST
OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
- 12.
- IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY
APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT
HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO
YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE
OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE
OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN
IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END
OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
If you develop a new program, and you want it
to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to
achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can
redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the
program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source
file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and
each file should have at least the ``copyright'' line and a
pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what
it does.> Copyright cO19yy <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by
electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output
a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for
details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show
c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public
License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something
other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks
or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you
work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a
``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if necessary. Here is a
sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in
the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers)
written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit
incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your
program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful
to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If
this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public
License instead of this License.
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